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Wednesday, September 13, 2023

11:42 AM

Jawan 2023 full movie download in hindi

 


           As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, I do not have specific information about a movie titled "Jawan" directed by Atlee. It's possible that this movie was released or announced after that date, or it might be a lesser-known or regional film that didn't receive widespread attention in international media.


However, I can provide you with some general information about Atlee and his previous works up to 2021.


Atlee Kumar, known simply as Atlee, is a popular Indian film director and screenwriter primarily associated with the Tamil film industry (Kollywood). He is widely recognized for his work in the Tamil film industry and has earned a reputation for delivering successful commercial entertainers.


Some of Atlee's notable films up to 2021 include:


1. **Raja Rani (2013)**: Atlee made his directorial debut with this romantic drama film starring Arya and Nayanthara. The film received positive reviews for its portrayal of love and relationships.


2. **Theri (2016)**: This film marked a significant turning point in Atlee's career. Starring Vijay in the lead role, it was a massive box office success. The film combined elements of action, emotion, and family drama and appealed to a wide audience.


3. **Mersal (2017)**: "Mersal" was another blockbuster directed by Atlee, featuring Vijay in a triple role. The film addressed social issues and had a strong message while delivering mass entertainment.


4. **Bigil (2019)**: Starring Vijay, "Bigil" was a sports drama film that revolved around women's football. It received critical acclaim and was a commercial success.


Atlee is known for his ability to work with top Tamil actors and deliver films that cater to both mass and family audiences. His movies often incorporate social messages, and he has become one of the sought-after directors in the Tamil film industry.


If "Jawan" directed by Atlee is a project that has been released or announced after my last update in September 2021, I would recommend checking the latest sources, such as movie news websites or official announcements, to get detailed information about the film's plot, cast, and reception.


Please keep in mind that the information provided here is based on my knowledge up to September 2021, and I do not have access to real-time data or events that have occurred since then.

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11:30 AM

Iphone 15 price in india

 


             As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, Apple had not released a "15 Series" of products, so I cannot provide specific information about the price or details of such a series in India or elsewhere. Apple typically releases products under well-known categories like iPhone, iPad, MacBook, Apple Watch, and others, and these products have specific models with different specifications and price points. 


However, I can provide some general information about Apple's product pricing strategy in India and how it might apply to a hypothetical "15 Series" if it were to exist.


**Apple's Pricing Strategy in India:**


Apple has historically positioned itself as a premium brand in India, and its products often come with a premium price tag compared to many other brands. Several factors contribute to the pricing of Apple products in India:


1. **Import Duties:** Apple products are often imported into India, and this incurs import duties and taxes, which can significantly increase the final retail price.


2. **Exchange Rates:** Fluctuations in exchange rates can also impact the pricing of Apple products in India. A weaker rupee can lead to higher prices.


3. **Apple Care and Accessories:** Apple also offers various add-on services like Apple Care and a range of accessories, which can add to the overall cost.


4. **Model and Configuration:** The specific model and configuration of the device play a significant role in its price. Higher storage capacity or additional features often come at a premium.


5. **Market Positioning:** Apple often positions its products as high-end and premium, and this positioning is reflected in the pricing strategy.


6. **Availability:** The availability of Apple products can also affect pricing. Limited availability or exclusivity through certain retailers can lead to higher prices.


**Hypothetical "15 Series" Pricing:**


If Apple were to release a "15 Series" in India, it would likely follow a pricing strategy similar to its other product lines. The specific price of a product in the series would depend on various factors, including its specifications, features, and market demand. Here are some general considerations:


1. **Tiered Pricing:** Apple often offers multiple models within a product line, with varying price points. These models typically differ in terms of features and specifications. Lower-end models would be more affordable, while higher-end models would be more expensive.


2. **Premium Pricing:** Given Apple's brand positioning, products in the "15 Series" would likely be positioned as premium devices, and their prices would reflect this positioning.


3. **Competitive Landscape:** Apple would also consider the pricing of competitors' products in the same category. They would aim to offer competitive pricing while maintaining their premium image.


4. **Localization:** Apple may take steps to localize products and services to cater to the Indian market, which could impact pricing.


5. **Trade-In Programs and Financing:** Apple often offers trade-in programs and financing options to make its products more accessible, which could influence the effective cost of the "15 Series" for Indian consumers.


Please note that this response is based on information available up to September 2021, and I do not have access to real-time data or information beyond that date. To get accurate and up-to-date information on the pricing and availability of any Apple products, including a hypothetical "15 Series," I recommend visiting Apple's official website or contacting authorized Apple retailers in India.

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2:18 AM

Chandrayaan 3

Chandrayaan 3 



As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, Chandrayaan 3 had not been officially announced or initiated. However, I can provide a speculative description of what Chandrayaan 3 might entail if it were to be launched in the future. Please note that the details provided here are based on general principles of lunar exploration and the progress made in India's space program up to that point.

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**Title: Chandrayaan 3: India's Next Lunar Odyssey**

**Introduction**

Chandrayaan 3, the third installment in India's lunar exploration program, is a highly anticipated mission that aims to build upon the successes of Chandrayaan 1 and the lessons learned from Chandrayaan 2. While Chandrayaan 1 primarily consisted of an orbiter and an impactor, and Chandrayaan 2 included an orbiter, lander, and rover (although the rover didn't successfully deploy), Chandrayaan 3 would likely focus on a more ambitious goal: landing a rover successfully on the lunar surface.

**Mission Objectives**

The primary objective of Chandrayaan 3 would be to achieve a successful soft landing on the Moon's surface and deploy a rover that can conduct various scientific experiments and exploration activities. Here are some of the key mission objectives:

1. **Soft Lunar Landing**: Chandrayaan 3 would aim for a precise and controlled descent to ensure a safe and successful landing on the lunar surface. Learning from the challenges faced during the Chandrayaan 2 mission, the mission planners would implement improvements in the landing system.

2. **Rover Deployment**: Once safely landed, Chandrayaan 3 would deploy a rover equipped with advanced instruments and mobility systems to explore the lunar terrain. The rover's primary mission would be to conduct scientific experiments and collect data to enhance our understanding of the Moon's geology, mineral composition, and potential resources.

3. **Scientific Research**: The rover would be equipped with a suite of scientific instruments, including spectrometers, cameras, drills, and more. These instruments would enable it to analyze the lunar surface, study the Moon's geological history, and search for signs of water or other valuable resources.

4. **Technological Advancements**: Chandrayaan 3 would likely feature advancements in navigation, communication, and autonomous systems to ensure smoother operations on the lunar surface. These advancements would improve mission efficiency and increase the rover's ability to adapt to the lunar environment.

5. **International Collaboration**: As with previous Chandrayaan missions, Chandrayaan 3 may also involve collaboration with international space agencies and institutions. This collaboration would enable the sharing of knowledge, data, and resources, contributing to the global effort to explore the Moon.

**Mission Components**

Chandrayaan 3 would comprise several key components working in tandem to achieve its objectives:

1. **Launch Vehicle**: The mission would begin with the launch of a powerful rocket that would carry the spacecraft and its payload to a trajectory towards the Moon.

2. **Spacecraft**: The spacecraft would consist of an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. The orbiter would remain in lunar orbit, providing vital communication and data relay support between the lander/rover and mission control on Earth.

3. **Lander**: The lander is a crucial component responsible for the soft landing on the lunar surface. It would carry the rover and have its own suite of instruments for surface operations.

4. **Rover**: The rover is the mobile exploration platform equipped with scientific instruments to analyze the lunar surface. It would be designed to withstand the harsh lunar environment, including extreme temperatures and the absence of an atmosphere.

5. **Communication and Control**: The mission would require advanced communication systems to transmit data between the Moon and Earth. Ground control stations would monitor and control the spacecraft, ensuring its safe and efficient operation.

**Scientific Payload**

Chandrayaan 3's scientific payload would be carefully selected to address key scientific questions about the Moon. Some of the instruments that might be included in the rover's payload are:

1. **Spectrometers**: These instruments would be used to analyze the composition of lunar rocks and minerals, helping scientists understand the Moon's geological history and potential resource deposits.

2. **Cameras**: High-resolution cameras would capture detailed images of the lunar surface, aiding in geological mapping and providing stunning visuals of the Moon.

3. **Drills and Sample Collection**: The rover might be equipped with drills to collect core samples from beneath the lunar surface, allowing for deeper geological analysis.

4. **Seismometers**: Detecting lunar quakes and seismic activity can provide valuable insights into the Moon's interior structure.

5. **Radiation Detectors**: Understanding radiation levels on the Moon is essential for planning future human missions.

6. **Environmental Sensors**: These sensors would monitor temperature, pressure, and other environmental factors to ensure the rover's safety and operation.

**Challenges and Solutions**

Chandrayaan 3 would face several technical and operational challenges, which would need to be addressed to ensure mission success. Some of the potential challenges and their corresponding solutions might include:

1. **Precision Landing**: Achieving a soft landing on the lunar surface is challenging due to the absence of a significant atmosphere. Advanced landing systems, including improved navigation and propulsion, would be crucial.

2. **Communication Lag**: The communication lag between Earth and the Moon can be up to several seconds. Autonomous navigation and decision-making by the rover would be essential for real-time operations.

3. **Harsh Lunar Environment**: The lunar surface experiences extreme temperature variations, radiation, and the constant bombardment of micrometeorites. Robust and well-insulated rover systems would be necessary to withstand these conditions.

4. **Sample Handling**: If sample collection is part of the mission objectives, the rover would need efficient and reliable mechanisms for drilling, collecting, and storing lunar samples.

**International Collaboration**

Space exploration has often seen collaboration between different countries and space agencies. Chandrayaan 3 could benefit from international partnerships, potentially including contributions from organizations like NASA, ESA, or other spacefaring nations. Collaborations might involve sharing scientific instruments, data, or even joint missions to further our understanding of the Moon and its potential as a stepping stone for future deep space exploration.

**Conclusion**

Chandrayaan 3, if launched, would represent a significant milestone in India's space exploration endeavors. Building on the experiences of Chandrayaan 1 and Chandrayaan 2, this mission would aim to achieve a successful lunar landing and the deployment of a rover for scientific exploration. The data and insights gathered by Chandrayaan 3 would contribute not only to our understanding of the Moon but also to humanity's broader goals of exploring and utilizing space resources for scientific and practical purposes.
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Wednesday, June 17, 2020

7:29 AM
Introduction

In the modern times, growth and development of nation-states and increased relations and communications 
among them has led to the creation and formulation of foreign policy. Emergence of United Nations along 
with the process of de-colonization that has given the liberty to many countries to exist and function as 
sovereign states, have further privileged the states with the momentum to foster and maintain relations with 
other countries. There is harmony, to some extent, among the scholars and eminent personalities of the state 
on the prerequisite of a foreign policy for every country, since no country would prefer to perform in 
separation from other countries of the world. A country without foreign policy is viewed as a football team 
playing the game without any master plan to post the goals, hence all the players of the team are 
directionless on what rile and functions they are supposed to perform on the playground. Therefore, it can 
be asserted that foreign policy will continue to exist as far as sovereign countries exist and function in the 
world system. Foreign policy is conducted in an environment of multiple linkages between home and abroad 
in the forms of NGOs, MNCs, academics, political leaders, interventions of several foreign governments, as 
well as intense media scrutiny (Chong 2007: 05).
Foreign policy is a method adopted by countries to engage with other countries through discussion and 
negotiation. It helps countries to engage politically, socially, economically and militarily with each other. 
When foreign policy is studied, it should analyse the interests of specific nations. Moreover, foreign policy 
has played a significant role in the process of globalization. It has created a world where there are vital 
relations between countries. It is not a zero sum game, but has a positive quality. It also has the skills to 
develop multi-dimensional issues. It is a tool of engagement with neighbours. It connects the powers of the 
world. It also engages with safety reasons, peace and development of a country. Foreign policy is an 
important aspect in the affairs of nation-states. It uses diplomacy as a tool to manage a country’s affairs. It is 
a decision-making process. Kenneth Waltz’s conception of foreign policy preferences is only marginally different. He assumes that some variation may occur, but that change in preferences based on experience 
and observation (in my terminology, foreign policy learning) will be unidirectional (Goldsmith 2005: 29).
Foreign policy has not been significantly effective. Foreign policy decisions design relations between a 
country and the international system. The decision-making approach engages with the coalition decision of 
foreign policy. There lies a lot of difference in the process of a decision taken by an individual and that of a 
group. Moreover, if there is more than one group involved, then the process would be altogether something 
else. Foreign policy analysis is the development of conceptualization. Foreign policy decision-making is a 
mechanical system. It is devoted to establishing legitimacy. The decision-making process has developed the 
theoretical outlooks in foreign policy.


Definitions of Foreign Policy


Foreign policy has been defined by many scholars in various different ways that underlines their personal 
perspectives. Though the scholars have differences regarding the definition of foreign policy, they share 
common views on the fact that foreign policy is majorly concerned with interests and its conduct towards 
other countries. The role of foreign policy is to attempt to reduce the effects of unfavorable conditions and 
increase the effects of favourable conditions and actions of other countries. Foreign policy is a complicated 
and diversified political relation that a country is engaged in for fostering relations with other countries and 
non-state actors beyond the concerns of its own authority. Its objective is to promote and protect the 
interests of other countries as well. Foreign policy, by definition, operates in spaces constructed by states 
(Chong 2007: 38).
A doctrine of foreign policy can be clear and understandable or it may be ambiguous and complicated. It 
should be understood clearly that foreign policy is not merely associated with meetings among the 
diplomats, political and formal statement from prominent personalities of the state, and public statements of 
state leaders. On contradictory to this, foreign policy is focused on the contemporary nature of the goals and 
objectives of the country and interests and values that are perceived for adequate behaviour in negotiating
with other countries. Foreign policy is designed on the basis of number of factors and aspects that define 
and frame its agenda. It cannot survive and exist in isolation. Foreign policy of any country originates from
events of the past that are responsible for enhancing and promoting unity and sovereignty of the country, 
basic values and foundations based on ideology for growth and development of the country and goals and 
objectives of the country. It can be understood in the wider spectrum in the formation of the government, 
economic growth and stability, political scenario, geographical conditions and prevailing environment in the 
country.
Foreign policy analysis focuses on ethnic and interest groups. American politics mostly overlooks foreign 
policy events. Foreign policy in the United States has been one of the consequences of ethnic lobbying. The 
ethnic lobbying in foreign policy makes an influential dimension. “The lack of consensus about the dynamics behind the formation and power of ethnic lobby groups can be seen as rooted in an unclear 
evidentiary pattern and an understudied set of phenomena” (Haney 2008: 07).
Exposure to events in world politics, whether through news media or observations of political pundits, gives 
the clear impression that leaders are active players in international relations and the making of foreign 
policy (Grove 2007: 01). Foreign policy has played a vital role in forming public opinion in international 
politics. It is concerned by the influenced public opinions in international politics. Creating a foreign policy 
needs complex decision making, knowledge of crucial factors and high level reasoning which is not found 
in the masses. Realists influence the public opinions on foreign policy. Neorealists such as Kenneth Waltz 
distinguish between theories of foreign policy choice and systemic theories of international outcomes but 
still echo the sentiments of classical realists regarding public opinion and foreign policy (Foyle 1999: 05).
International relations theories have used the modernist theory and theoretical pluralism in international 
politics. Foreign policy and its strategies are related to the concept of control. It makes the relation between 
other countries’ peace, coalition, diplomatic relations, implementation of nuclear status, political support 
etc. Diplomacy is the most important part of the implementation of foreign policy. The democracy foreign 
policy talks about the value of democracy and the non-democratic foreign policy interrelates is the most 
collective strategy ability is the inexpert democracy foreign policy making. The emphasis on 
democratization as a tenet of foreign policy had, however, generally been on liberation and not on control 
(Pierce 2003: 205).


National Interest and Foreign Policy


For consistency and continuity of a foreign policy, in the modern times, it has to gain credibility and 
authority with citizens of a country. This can be achieved by continuous efforts for pursuing defined 
national interests with the help of country’s foreign policy. National interests are decided in the term of 
needs, aims or expectations that are communicated to the policymakers through the citizens of a country. 
National interest can also be defined in the context of protection against aggression, increasing the standards
of living or considering right place in international institutions such as United Nations. National Interests are 
majorly divided in two categories; core interests and secondary interests. Core interests are more important 
from the point of view of foreign policy of county. Internationally, there appeared to be a clear mandate for 
greater American involvement in global affairs, the foreign policy establishment wanted to convince 
political elites and the American public that it was in America’s interest to play a greater role in 
international politics (Arin 2014: 15).
Foreign policy involves designing, management and control. The countries use diplomacy as an instrument 
of foreign policy. Foreign policy is the strategy applied in international circles. Foreign policy process is a 
procedure of decision-making. It is influenced by the intimate dynamics of decision-making. The decision-
making approach denied that power is necessarily structured in the way that the elitists said it is, and argued that the only valid evidence about power had to be derived from a study of action in the decision-making 
arena (Debnam 1984: 01). Therefore, realists emphasize on political control and decision-making.
The impact of foreign policy making is on culture and politics. The world of foreign policy is a complex 
phenomenon. It involves in dealings with several countries. These international dealings have become a 
vital component of foreign policy controls. Most accounts of the foreign policy process either directly or 
implicitly draw on the metaphor of the foreign policy apparatus as a self-contained system that reacts to 
stimuli in the external environment, consumes resources, and produces actions and decisions as outputs back 
into an external environment (Gyngell and Wesley 2003: 21). Foreign policy is foreign relations and 
diplomacy. It has another dimension of public policy which deals with the outer world. It tries to create an 
international milieu which is conducive to the national interests of the countries. It is relations between a 
country’s diplomacy and its sovereignty.


Objectives of Foreign Policy


The objectives of foreign policy are not limited to make a shift but also to manage the behaviour of other 
countries by determining the persistence of favourable actions. Foreign policy is directed by the values and 
ethics of a country. The countries are guided by the goals and objectives of development at global level. The 
major component in foreign policy is the reaction to the events in international domain. Foreign policy is the 
most significant aspect in conducting international politics. The purpose of foreign policy is aimed at 
prevailing and protecting sovereignty of the country. Following are some of the objectives that are vital in 
the formulation of foreign policy of a country: foreign policy promotes unity and integrity of a country,
foreign policy is aimed at fulfilling the interests of its citizens within and beyond the borders, foreign policy 
also focuses on maintain the dignity and sentiments of the globe, and it tries to foster relations and develop 
sustainable relations with all other countries to increase economic and technological co-operation among 
themselves in order to pursue its own interests.
The study of foreign policy helps to solve the issue of the nation-states regarding the process of planning 
and executing their activities in international affairs. The foreign policy of a country seeks to make 
understand the nature and scope of the existing structure of power in the politics of international affairs. It 
basically attempts to achieve the goal and objective of receiving honour for the country and getting edge 
over other states at the international platform. It is designed, formulated and implemented to attempt to 
resolve the issues and problems which are different in nature for every country in the world. The approaches 
to foreign policy that are theoretical propose that countries across the globe are competing with other for 
successful and productive decision-making and implementation. Foreign policy is one of the dynamic 
concepts in the study of international politics, which aims to focus and explain various aspects that are 
necessary to fulfill the interests of the country. The goal of the foreign policy is to ascertain the interests of 
the nation-state and their attainment in effective manner.


Determinants of Foreign Policy


Foreign policy attitudes have not been measured or conceptualized in a secure way. Foreign policy is the 
most important factor of political development. Foreign policy evaluations depend upon the caliber of both 
think again results and equally the general policy-oriented phenomenon. The impact of foreign policy on 
political evaluations is its tendency to focus on dramatic events such as wars and crises. There are 
theoretical grounds to expect the same attribution process to mediate the relationship between foreign policy 
views and political evaluation in foreign than in domestic or economic policy. At the analytical level the 
field of foreign policy attitudes can be made by proposing and demonstrating the usefulness of a 
fundamentally different approach. From American politics, two strands of democratic theory suggest 
alternative views of the manner in which elected officials respond to public opinion (Foyle 1999: 02).
Kaarbo and other scholars view that “The lack of an overarching government in the international system is 
one of the most important external conditions that affects foreign policy. Realist theory proposes that 
anarchy is the characteristic of the international environment that makes international politics so 
dramatically different from domestic politics” (Kaarbo et al. 2012: 07).
Long-standing concerns in both the US government and foreign relations point out to the normative 
pressures of the neighboring role of public opinion in influencing foreign policy. As Bernard Cohen (1973) 
demonstrated in a critical survey of the literature, “the constraining role of public opinion was often asserted 
but rarely demonstrated—or even put to a systematic test” (Cohen 1973). Although not usually concerned 
with public opinion and foreign policy, moralist views on this case are alike to the thinking of classical 
realists. Kenneth Waltz and other Neo-realists decide among theoretical formulations and frameworks of 
foreign policy and theoretical aspects of global effects, all the same, still bound the minds of classical 
realists about public opinion and foreign policy. For example, John Mearsheimer observes, “Public opinion 
on national security issues is notoriously fickle and responsive to elite manipulation and world events” 
(Mearsheimer 1990).
In contrast, foreign policy analysis does not assume interests; rather, it seeks to empirically determine how 
decision makers actually define their state’s interests (Breuning 2007: 167). Foreign policy makers advance 
from the concern of individual interests to the interests of the groups. The domestic and international affairs, 
their arrangements and their related social details stand as the platform on which the formulation of foreign 
policy takes place. Foreign policy consideration is one of the most significant ways of approaching and 
studying world politics. So far, this same focal point has been very much far away from some of the model 
mechanisms in the study of world politics, which specified the structure and layer of analysis towards better 
achievements.
Human rights have a topographic point in foreign policy. Baehr and Monique define that human rights are 
internationally agreed values, standards or rules regulating the conduct of states towards their own citizens 
and noncitizens. Human rights are, in the words of the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human  Rights (UDHR): ‘a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations’ (Baehr and Monique 
2004: 03). But human rights change from these ideas of foreign policy in that they do not refer to such 
practical interests. As Banerjee puts it, Assertive human rights diplomacy, similarly, can range from being 
what it claims to be to being imperialism or aggression in disguise. One must independently judge the truth 
of the claims of the instances of human rights diplomacy (Banerjee 2000: 181). Governments that want to 
defend human rights abroad do not arrange for themselves an easy responsibility. The opportunity gives the 
force to sustain international support from maintenance and advancement of human rights, and to address 
the essential problems of law and government. Like most governments, the corporate world also became 
more capable in the nomenclature of human rights and democracy.
The international human rights values that have been basically developed in the last decades help as a policy 
for governments in protecting the rights of people of their own countries. Human rights have similarly 
become part of the foreign policy of many nations. After its independence India became one of the pioneers 
in championing the cause of human rights. India’s human rights diplomacy existed on the set up of an 
ethical agreement on activating power within the governing body depending upon the part of the leaders. In 
the present era of globalization, the ability of natural procedures that give way above national borders has 
critically achieved better goals. Human rights concerns by policy makers in foreign policy can affect other 
governments to improve the respect for human rights. Foreign policy concerning human rights must be 
partly a policy for improving this machinery (Luard 1981: 22).
During the period of 1990s, human rights continued to be a root of doubt in the study of international 
relations. International agencies responsible for checking the execution of international human rights 
agreements keep on underfunded, weak and unable to discharge effectively a primary function for which 
they were made, namely the resolution of conflict. Western policies were changeable, making many 
governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations to ask, whether human rights were being changed to 
the improvement of a specific administrative as well as financial agenda or towards better objectives. 
Several aspects of Western policies raised questions of their good faith, and created dilemmas for NGOs. 
Although other considerations were paramount, for example, human rights and humanitarian grounds were 
invoked to justify the Gulf War in 1991 (Picken 2004: 97). The concern about associating the function of 
force with human rights, various governments and NGOs called for international ways to address military 
involvements.
Human rights have become the theme of protest and ways of pressure, and the mutual and all-party 
governmental concerns are located in such a manner that it has become almost difficult to take no notice of 
the view of human rights in international politics. Human rights are disturbed all over the globe. However, 
human rights have become more and more a matter of the government and the relationship between human 
rights and foreign policy. In addition, national variables that might be of influence about the status of human 
rights in foreign policy will be consistent. The relationship between human rights and international politics 
has given new scopes towards various aspects of the concept of human rights. Human rights are close to sound administration and the accountability of the exercise of power for the 
collective benefit. All societies need attentive citizens and independent organizations to ensure that 
governments are kept nice and fair, that states are abided by their international agreements and adopt their 
responsibilities and obligations towards their own citizens with regard to human rights. Western societies to 
guarantee respect for human rights worldwide could best express their oneness with people in a different 
place to challenge the differences that describe western domestic and foreign policies in the present era. 
Crucially, the shape of that integration is finally determined by what the leaders themselves bring to the mix 
in terms of pre-existing thinking frameworks, specific approaches to the problem of political activities, and 
model personality characters. Therefore, each leader will follow the principles of identity, ethics, and power 
in a unique manner, and will process these inputs in individual ways to produce a worldview. This 
worldview is then the footing for the foreign policy that leaders make. 
The involvement towards actions in the world and government provide for clearer impression that leaders 
are dynamic participants in the international relations and in the foreign policy formulations. Leadership in 
foreign policy is a condition of sound management. Leadership in foreign policy is an activity of presiding 
over people to collaborate in the accomplishment of common goals. The accomplishment of an agreement 
depends upon the caliber of the leadership in foreign policy. Leadership in foreign policy is a propelling 
power, which directs people towards better goals.
Neoclassical realism is a wider theory of foreign policy. It says that the scope and the goals of foreign policy 
are based on a wider theory. The dimensions of neoclassical realism has little control and influence over the 
study of international affairs. Neoclassical realism says that the scope and goal of a nation state’s foreign 
policy are decided by the nation-state’s relative factual power towards its gutting of foreign policy. 
Neoclassical realism builds upon the simple relation between the land and society found in the classical 
realism without giving up the central understanding of the neo-realism about the controls of the study of 
international affairs.
Classical realism focuses on the nation states to come together in the achievement of common goals about 
concerned national power in the field of international politics and the problems that leaders have come 
across in the loading of foreign policy. There is the shock of moral philosophy on foreign policy issues such 
as military involvement, diplomacy, legal philosophy etc.
One of the significant issues in foreign policy is the ethical concerns. Since the formation of human 
civilization, there has remained difficulty towards ethical concerns and influence of foreign policy to better 
achievements. Moreover, no foreign policy has been totally devoid of ethical concerns. As Christopher Hill 
points out, even Adolf Hitler’s Thousand Year Reich was, in its own grotesque way, ‘an ethic pursued 
through foreign policy’ (MacDonald and Patman 2007: 16). But on the ethical issues of foreign policy 
Brown has a different, altogether opposite view from that of Christopher. As Brown observes, From the 
cosmopolitan point of view, all foreign policy is, by definition, immoral and unethical, simply because it is the policy of the state, an entity that is by its very nature immoral and unethical, even if it accurately 
represents the values and interests of its citizens. From a cosmopolitan perspective only a world government 
(or perhaps a world revolution) could provide the basis for an ethical politics (Brown 2004: 27).
In the early segment of twenty-first century, the most important ethical challenges were faced by foreign 
policy. The importance of moral philosophy in foreign policy still carries importance in the twenty-first 
century as it was of importance in the earlier period. The ethical foreign policy requires the presence of the 
people and groups with critical reflections towards the regime about its practice. Foreign policy in its ethical 
use needs that individuals and groups are set to hold serious return towards government actions. The clear 
expression of an ethical foreign policy has provided the groundwork for others towards making a link 
between policy and implementation. The government can shut down a business in a matter of hours; it takes 
much longer for disgruntled customers to have such a drastic effect (Thomas et al. 2004: 58). Ethical foreign 
policy, practically reflected, has much empirical importance of the challenges that states face at the moment, 
and it offers normative reasons of the ethical help to those pragmatic developments.
What can one say exactly is the democratic role of this realism? An approximation, which is at the core of 
democratic thought about whole, as persons, is likewise central to an ethical concern with research and 
growth. Pragmatism works from the theoretical premises that all individuals are capable of intellect and 
should have opportunities to lead their lives, and this demands that persons should have a say in human 
action, which concerns them. The idea that consent should guide human relationships is an assumption 
common to democratic thought. In pragmatism, this basic assumption drives inquiry towards growth 
(Cochran 2004: 58).
Ethical concerns in foreign policies seem to be a likeness of the dynamism of the modern politics and help 
the needs of the outsiders. The main point is that an ethical foreign policy calls for the existence of people 
and groups who will hold up a vital expression of the government. The claim that such a consideration is 
necessary is dependent on in part on success of the realist argument that the moral discourse of states in 
theory heads new interests. The marked look of an ethical foreign policy is an innovative development.
A foreign policy that is ethical in practice needs that people and groups should be ready to pack up a critical 
reflect on government action. In this respect, the explicit articulation of an ethical foreign policy has 
provided a framework for others to make a comparison between policy and implementation (Fierke 2004: 
144). So, it is clear that the set-up of an ethical foreign policy is extremely challenging.
The foreign policy of a country is defined by several factors. Generally, the components of the foreign 
policy are of two types; internal determinants of foreign policy and external determinants of foreign policy.
Amer Rizwan (2009) claims that there are several internal and external determinants of foreign policy. 
Internal determinants of foreign policy include territory, geographical factors, culture and history, economic 
factors, technology, national capability, social structure, public mood, political party system, leadership, political accountability, bureau of press and bureaucracy. The external determinants of foreign policy
include international organizations and institutions, perception of other countries, standing at international 
level, public opinion at international level and groupings. 


Conclusion


The key features in the field of the foreign policy have become a contest between different comparative 
perspectives. Foreign policy can be seen as guided ultimately by national survival the related objective of 
exploiting opportunities that enhance state capabilities and a general predisposition against anything but 
expedient forms of cooperation with other states (Webber and Smith 2002: 21). The foreign policy of a 
country is determined by, both, the internal and external factors. Foreign policy making is one of the most 
challenging tasks. Therefore, the leaders of a country are assigned with the responsibility of designing and
framing the foreign policy. Foreign policy making has not been considered as only the functioning of 
internal and external factors but also the developments that evolve in the comparative global scenario.
Thus, foreign policy is combined with country’s long term goals and expectations as well as ambitions of its 
leaders’ to play a significant role on world platform that gives ultimate shape to country’s foreign policy.
Foreign policy of any country is shaped of multiple internal and external factors. The major internal factors 
that influence the foreign policy are geographical factors, culture and history, economic factors, technology,
national capability, leadership, political accountability, bureau of press and bureaucracy. At the same time, 
external factors such as prevailing structure of international politics and defense strength of other countries 
shape the aspirations in the making of the foreign policy. These factors combine together from the elements 
and their equal contribution contributes the country’s foreign policy.
Foreign policy is the moral principle of a country. The countries are guided by the objectives of 
development in international affairs. A key component of foreign policy is the response to the changing 
international positions. Foreign policy is the most important element in international politics. The objectives 
of foreign policy are concerned with sovereignty. So, foreign policy of a country is maintenance of 
sovereignty and liberty. Foreign policy is the normative dimension of international politics. Values and 
principles are major factors in foreign policy in international politics. Foreign policy is a dynamic and 
comprehensive design based on knowledge and experience for conducting interactions and relations of 
government with rest of the world.
A political system which is democratic in nature takes into account a number of factors while formulating a 
policy. It keeps in mind the basic rights of the people and its responsibility towards them. The significance
of foreign policy is realized when secret intelligence and diplomatic operations are conducted. While 
implementing foreign policy, global stability and democracy have an important role to play. The elements of 
foreign policy change and they were not the same for the United States during the Cold War and in the 21st 
century. The United States often devoted significant resources to economic development abroad in the postwar period and frequently offered economic advice to foreign governments designed in part to improve 
the economic condition of their people (Johnson 1980: 09).
While devising the foreign policy, the country should not only take care of its national interests but also it 
should consider the global welfare. In this inter-twined world each country’s action affects the other 
country. So, the foreign policy should be devised in such a way that it promotes the country’s betterment as 
well as the global good. So, an all-inclusive foreign policy can only make the world peaceful, secure and 
prosper.

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Thursday, January 30, 2020

11:13 PM

SOCIAL NETWORK IMPACT ON YOUTH

     SOCIAL NETWORK IMPACT ON                                  YOUTH

          
                Online social media have gained amazing worldwide increase and reputation which has brought about attracting interest from sort of researchers globally. Although with time all generations have come to include the modifications social network has caused , teenagers and teens are the foremost enthusiast users of those web sites. According to various research studies within the area of online social networks, it is been discovered that these sites are impacting the lives of the adolescents greatly. When the usage of these sites like Twitter, Facebook or MySpace, there are both effective and negative effects at the kids.

 It is inevitable to ignore the very fact that nowadays social network plays an important function in young adults lives. Most youths are spending at the very least an hour in these popular social media sites. Generally, 1 out of 7 minutes which can be spent online by way of most of those who can access net is spent on Facebook regular with Shea Bennett. One may also ask how spending all that point at the social media web sites may additionally have a effective impact on them. Well, social media allows the youngsters and the alternative user updated with what's happening round the world, help the young adults live related and interact with one another even if they're many miles apart. This strengthens their dating albeit they finished school and moved to exclusive places they stay related and replace each other .


              In addition, social media web sites have furnished a platform whereby the children can create organizations and pages supported their commonplace field and find yourself constructing connections and possibilities for his or her respective careers with the aid of updating various subjects to debate . Youth who are interviewed they assert that social media has become their lifestyle and it makes their lives easier and efficient. While on one hand social community web sites appears to bring human beings together and related on the other hand it creates social isolation in connection with BBC report . As the youth have a tendency to spend many hours on these web sites, they hardly ever have face-to-face interaction. According various research, scientists evaluation determined that social isolation can cause a number of emotional, psychological, bodily and mental problems which include anxiety, depression and somatic complaints amongst many others.

 Other negative effects of social networking various humans suggested protected encouraging poor spelling and grammar, exposing underage to on-line predators, permitting unfold of misinformation that's perceived as fact, reducing productiveness as those which can be alleged to be working spend time within the web sites to talk , offer a really perfect platform for cyber bullying and imparting details that increase dangers of identification theft.
Social networking virtually portrays both wonderful and negative consequences on the children. It is choice of a non-public to form whether to continue using the web sites or not.
            

****** END ******


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Sunday, January 26, 2020

1:17 AM

Way No 5: Start A Blog:

Way No 15: Start A Blog:


Being a blogger is one of the easiest ways to earn money from home.

Unlike every other job, if you are running a blog from home. You don’t need to paintings 9-5.

You can paintings at any time of the day with ease.

But beware running a blog takes time earlier than it starts being profitable for you.

So I recommend you bounce into this discipline slowly.

If you've got an afternoon job, don’t end it. Start part-time with your weblog.

Once it's miles on the stage where it is incomes you more than your snug limits then it’s the high-quality time to turn into full-time running a blog mode.




Suitable For -

People who love to jot down and would love to share their information and expertise with the world.

Skills Required - 

Ability to express information in writing with less complicated but effective manner.

Time Required For Starting A Blog - 

The time required depends upon your stage of knowledge in case you are an expert you could easily start a blog within few hours.

For a complete beginner, a day or two might be enough to be geared up with the simple setup.

Tips - 

1. Start a weblog about some thing in which you are really right at.

For e.G. If you love travelling and you have travelled quite a few places then start a journey blog.

2. Always try to limit your weblog to a selected domain. Don’t put content about more than one domains in one blog.

For e.G. Writing approximately recipe suggestions on a fashion blog.

Keep your weblog unique to one area only.

3. Using your enjoy and expertise, try and create a completely particular and extraordinary content.

4. Try to give a lot of price for your readers. Write about something to be able to make a difference in your reader's’ life.

5. Listen to the readers of your blog. Try to remedy the problems they're facing. Always respond to their comments. Make them experience better.

6. Be dedicated to your weblog. A weblog is sort of a relationship. Give it a few love and it'll flourish. Ignore it and it's going to die a death.

There’s no factor in being half-hearted to your blogging efforts - if you don’t care approximately it, why should everybody else?

7. Think about content, style, tone of voice, audience, etc.

Look at the those who already do what you’re planning to do.  Ask yourself the following questions:

How will I stick out from the crowd?

What can I say that hasn’t already been stated?

What’s my specific selling point?

Why do I need to do this?

8. Be expert in the way you manage and grow your weblog.

Don’t criticize different brands, bloggers or human beings. Remember what goes around comes round.

You don’t want something you’ve said to come lower back and bite you one day.

9. Be open minded and inclined to collaborate with different creatives. You’ll meet a few excellent and awe-inspiring human beings.

How To Monetize -

You can monetize your weblog by recommending products or services associated with your weblog’s topic either through writing an informative article or placing banner ads on your blog’s relevant pages.

You can earn good-looking commissions when someone buys a product encouraged by way of you.

Another way is you may region Google Adsense ads on your weblog. More humans click on your advertisements extra cash you'll make.

If you have any doubts concerning this method. Please touch us via our touch form.


Thank You  ......

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Thursday, January 23, 2020

8:15 AM

Way No 4: Become An Amazon Associate:

What is the Amazon Associates Program?


Amazon Associates is an affiliate marketing program that permits website owners and bloggers to make links and earns referral commissions when any of the web site visitor clicks thru and buys products from Amazon.



Suitable For - 

1. people that like to write, explain things in details and would really like to share their knowledge and expertise with the planet .

2. Best for people that already own a blog or website with some daily traffic.

Skills Required - 

1. Ability to precise knowledge in writing with simpler yet effective way.

2. Ability to influence and convince people through right argument and explanation.

Time Required For Becoming An Amazon Associate -

To become an Amazon Associate all you would like to try to to is visit their website and check in . You’ll got to provide your website’s name while signing up.

Amazon will analyze your website, and if they find it appropriate consistent with their standards they're going to approve you as a politician amazon associate.

The approval process might take 2 to five days.

Once you’re approved, determine the relevant products you would like to market on your blog then grab their affiliate links and insert them into your website.

Tips - 

1. Dig out relevant products - the primary and most vital thing is to seek out out the products that are relevant to your website’s or blog’s content and audience.

The more relevant the merchandise , the higher chance you’ll have of selling.

For e.g. Promoting wristwatches on a blog that teaches people to try to to Yoga exercises is very unlikely to form you any sale.

But instead, if you are trying to market Yoga mats, pants and books you’ll see great success.

2. Place affiliate links inside your content - Placing simple text links within the context of a piece of writing is that the best thanks to get people click your affiliate links.

People trust the body of the content on a page quite the other area of the web site .

Hence it's very likely that they're going to click on the link when it’s placed inside the content’s body.

For e.g. “Check out this cool [your aff link] smartwatch [/your aff link]. It has retained the position of No 1 bestseller since last two months.”

3. Link product images to Amazon - Images play a crucial role in grabbing visitor’s attention.

The another simple thanks to get people click on your affiliate links is to use many high-quality product images and make those images as clickable affiliate links.

One good thing about Amazon is that it allows you to freely use any product’s image on your website for promotional purposes.

4. Write a product review - Doing a top quality product review and writing an excellent article explaining all the facets of a product is another good way to get high click thru rates and sales.

But while doing any review confirm it's of top quality and unbiased.

People shouldn’t think that you simply are badly trying to urge them buy the merchandise .

A high-quality review should answer all the answers and clear confusion or reservations any potential buyer may need .

Make sure your review does cover all the above-mentioned aspects.

5. Just send people to Amazon - one among the good thing about Amazon is that it's excellent at converting visitors into buyers.

You don’t got to follow them nor target them with ads, Amazon will do the remainder for you.

All you would like to try to to is send them to Amazon.com through your affiliate link.

The great thing about this is often when somebody visits Amazon.com through you link you get a percentage of anything they buy for subsequent 24 hours (30 days of they added any item to their cart).

For e.g. If one person clicks on your “Yoga Mat” affiliate link and visits Amazon.com and buys 2 wrist watches rather than a Yoga Mat within 24 hours, you’ll get commissions for the wrist watch sales albeit you didn’t sell directly.

6. Build loyalty and trust - One major factor which will boost your sales is your reader's’ loyalty and trust towards you and your website.

Most of your sales will come people that are loyal and repeat readers.

Readers who connect with you on a daily basis, over the long period, begin to trust you and your website.

So once you make any recommendation or do a review, they're more likely to require that advice than someone who they don’t trust.

How To Monetize - 

Monetization formula is nearly almost like most of the opposite methods discussed during this app.

More people visit Amazon.com via your affiliate link and buy products, extra money you create .

Amazon.com will handle all the payment and commission processing for you so you don’t got to worry about it.

If you have any doubts regarding this method. Please contact us through our contact form.


Thank You  ........

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